That's indeed a very special feature. Usually, words are pronounced the same in their singular and plural forms. In rare cases the endings may change, but the writing changes too (like –ail / –aux or –al / –aux, or œil / yeux, ciel / cieux). Œuf is very peculiar, only the pronunciation changes significantly (just like you described). And bœuf happens to behave similarly.
I'm sure aA very few other words might have this strange feature. Until now, but that's not something one can dump out of their head easilyonly un os /ɔs/
whose plural is des os /o/
came to mind.