It means:
From which it is easy to conclude that these equations could not contain the time t
i.e. are independent of time.
sauroient is indeed old for sauraient from savoir. (Maybe not real "Old French" which is officially before 1,300. But yes, nobody uses that today anymore).
savoir here is a literary usage which has the meaning of pouvoir by "semantic crossover". So, ne savoir renfermer means ne pouvoir renfermer, i.e. cannot contain. See II D in CNRTL/savoir, which gives the following expressions as examples: .On ne saurait dire; on ne saurait en conclure, en déduire (qqc., que), en dire autant de; on n'en saurait douter; on ne saurait trop rappeler, insister sur, recommander (qqc.).
Interesting to note that Lagrange was originally Italian, but wrote his Mécanique Analytique in Berlin, in French... (in 1788).