What is the difference in nuance between these two phrases? I know they both generally mean “around.”
Is “aux environs de” more specific? As in, “the area surrounding”?
Aux environs de where environ(s) is a substantive applies to a location or a time:
Aux environs de Paris. (or dans les environs de Paris).
Aux environs de 18 heures.
while environ, which is an invariable adverb, applies to a quantity:
Le super coûte environ 1,57 Euros le litre.
so you cannot say:
Je suis environ à Paris
The expressions might compete in cases like that one:
Il était aux environs de midi quand le téléphone a sonné.
Il était environ midi quand le téléphone a sonné.
The meaning is essentially identical.
They are of two grammatical categories, the first is a noun and the second an adverb. It is not a matter of nuance, that is semantical nuance, but a matter of alternative formulation; here is the idea;
There is no difference in meaning. In the firs case whoever is speaking chooses to specify the time by using a noun telling that it is a time near a given point in time (to be made precise, otherwise it's all meaningless, incomplete); in the second they choose instead the precise point in time and specify that it has been chosen approximately, which amounts to the same thing.
I The first is used to specify a place or a time that is found in the vicinity of a precise point in time or a precise location, respectively. You can translate it for instance by "vicinity" or "neighbourhood" or "whereabouts" when place is the concept; when time is the concept you resort usually to an adverb in English, the typical ones being "about", "approximately" and "near", although you can also use the word "time" modified by an adverb ;
II The second, as the grammatical category shows, is used to modify a noun; however it must mostly be an expression for a measure, often used with a determiner ("environ" is then a predeterminer); some nouns can be modified, those are nouns that refer to points in time ( midi, minuit, Pâques, …).
It cannot be used to modify nouns of location except if specified by a measure;
À une vitesse d'environ 150 km/h les pneus commencent à chauffer. Aux environs d'une vitesse de 150…
Il est à environ Paris. Il est dans les environs de Paris.
A couple of points are worth mentioning relative to the nouns refering to points in time ; the adverb can be postponed and sometimes has to be postponed ; in some cases it is preferable not to use the adverb.