Title. Would it not be les jeans or des jeans? Does it mean a pair of jeans?
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1Because it is a lot more logical to speak about one unity with singular ?– DisticAug 16, 2017 at 22:38
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3Compare pants. English, German, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese all have a plural word for "pants", but French speaks of un pantalon. I suppose that conceptually, whereas many languages consider it two pant legs, in French it's a single article of clothing. This is potentially worth looking into in case there's an interesting reason why this happened (though one must be prepared to conclude that it's arbitrary)...– Luke Sawczak ♦Aug 16, 2017 at 22:51
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3@LukeSawczak Though "un pantalon" is used, "une paire de pantalon" or simply "des pantalons" are by far the most common ways to refer to the article of clothing, at least in my family and my community.– Pas un clueAug 16, 2017 at 23:03
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3@LukeSawczak An interesting read in LBU, about the words where singular and plural are competing. Any piece of clothing covering the bottom part of the body (where the 2 legs are the most important part of the article) used to be referred to in the plural, but singular is more common today, though several examples of plural by recent good authors are cited. The old fashion way seem to survive more vividly here in Quebec, where even bobettes (underwears), that do not cover the legs, are plural for just one piece.– Pas un clueAug 16, 2017 at 23:42
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7@Feelew Very interesting to hear differing usages. To add another regional testimony, I (north-east France) never heard une paire de pantalons/jeans or even des pantalons/jeans to refer to a single piece of leg clothing, not once. Always singular here, no exceptions at all.– Romain ValeriAug 17, 2017 at 3:03
4 Answers
Both are used un jean or des jeans where one means a single pair of jeans. People will say un jean where they say un pantalon for a pair of trousers. We can add culotte and short to the list.
In France people mostly use these words in the singular when talking about a single piece of clothing and it is how dictionaries say the word is used nowadays, the plural for a single piece of clothing is noted as outdated in writing, but it was still used in the plural in writing until the early 20th c. as either pantalons or une paire de pantalons.
C’est un gaillard qui en dégoise ; il porte une barbe longue d’une aune, des pantalons collants, un habit à larges revers, et un bolivar sur la tête,... (Alfred de Musset, Lettres de Dupuis et Cotonet au directeur de la Revue des Deux-Mondes, 1836).
Some people still use the plural form for a single piece of clothing in the south of France, because of the influence of Occitan where the plural is used for a single pair of trousers.
Concerning Québec we find this testimony from a Quebecer:
Au Québec et au Canada français, comme il arrive souvent, les usages anciens ont mieux résisté à l'érosion du temps. Même si l'expression paire de pantalons a pris de la bouteille - je l'utilisais couramment dans ma lointaine jeunesse -, le pluriel pantalons désignant un seul vêtement reste encore d'usage courant. Le mot culottes, pour sa part, est demeuré très fréquent tant avec paire que sans. (Pantalons, culottes et jeans : pluriels énigmatiques)
According to the wiktionary In Belgium and in Switzerland the plural can still be heard.
Pantalon is a rather recent word (17th c.) derived from the name of the character in commedia dell'arte. We can presume the singular established itself in the end because of the proper name, but as well because what used to be a two part piece of clothing is now seen as one single piece. Before pantalon appeared French used words in the plural to designate a piece of clothing that covered entirely or partially both legs at the same time : braies (from Latin braca for one trouser leg), chausses and caleçon both deriving from Latin calceus that also gave chaussure and chausson.
Plural to singular can also been explained by the change in fashions. Here an extract from a thread on Projet Babel that of course would need to be substantiated by historians but that I am inclined to believe:
J'ai aussi entendu indistinctement des pantalons, une paire de pantalons, ou un pantalon.
Il se trouve que les pantalons des dames étaient faits de deux jambes rigoureusement indépendantes l'une de l'autre : seule les solidarisait la coulisse de la taille. Ce dispositif permettait de communier avec la nature sans avoir à baisser le dit pantalon, dont il fallait retrouver la coulisse sous trois épaisseurs de jupon... Les danseuses de cancan avaient ordre de coudre l'entrejambe de leur pantalon, et les spectateurs, bien entendu, n'attendaient qu'une chose : que la couture craque...A la même époque, les culottes des petits garçons n'étaient pas non plus cousues, pour le même motif : leur permettre de se soulager sans avoir à se battre avec les boutons. Il arrivait qu'un pan de chemise passe par la fente : observez attentivement les gravures qui illustrent les œuvres de la comtesse de Ségur, vous verrez ce pan de chemise des petits bonshommes de trois quatre ans...
Donc, deux jambes indépendantes font une paire de pantalons, mais maintenant que tous les pantalons ont un fond solide, il n'existe plus que le pantalon singulier.
To be read also: De singuliers pluriels.
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Have you found data to back the statement "it was mostly used in the plural until the early 20th"? Google Ngram seems to disagree.– jlliagreAug 18, 2017 at 15:57
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@jlliagre I would no know how to find examples distinguishing between singular and plural use that would be significant with an ngram. But I know all the people around me used it in the plural in the second half of the 20th century. And some still do nowadays (and I can provide written examples). Use is one thing, dictionaries are another. The TLF says "Pantalon s'emploie gén. au sing. (sauf au Canada, où il est gén. au plur.), mais on rencontre dans des emplois vieillis: une paire de pantalons, des pantalons."– NoneAug 18, 2017 at 16:07
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I updated my answer to show how Google Ngram might be used to compare singular and plural usage of similar words. I do not question the fact it was and might still be used in plural somewhere in France, but I disagree about "it was mostly used in plural until the early 20th" which is clearly not supported by Ngram statistics. There is simply no single year since the word is known when pantalons was more written than pantalon.– jlliagreAug 18, 2017 at 20:00
L'usage peut varier selon les régions et le temps, comme on en discute ailleurs. On peut cependant noter simplement que :
De nombreux noms qui désignent un objet composé de deux parties identiques peuvent être employés tant au singulier qu'au pluriel. Dans un cas, on considère l'objet ou le concept en soi; dans l'autre, on considère les deux parties qui le composent.
[ Banque de dépannage linguistique (Québec), Noms pouvant être employés au singulier et au pluriel ]
Si on utilisait indifféremment (contra Larousse en ligne) jean et jeans (de blue-jeans), l'emploi au singulier pourrait servir à marquer davantage l'objet dans son entier par opposition à ses parties constituantes qui sont identiques. Ce serait une manière d'expliquer un tel choix si l'on veut s'en donner un. Ainsi mon jean neuf, mon jeans neuf et mes jeans neufs pourraient tous signifier un seul jean(s), mais différemment. Le contexte et d'autres noms etc. peuvent servir à préciser s'il s'agit d'un seul ou de plusieurs objets.
Pantalon obsoleted chausses around the French revolution. Chausses (which gave the modern chaussettes - socks) itself obsoleted braies (related to the braguette - trouser fly). Both braies and chausses were used in plural when naming the two legs garment.
When pantalon was introduced, from the Commedia dell'arte character's Pantalone/Pantaloon who was wearing red pants, plural and singular were competing for a while but the singular seems to have won in the 19th century, probably because pantalon dual nature was lost or rejected.
Here is an excerpt from the Nouvelle orthologie française, 1832:
The plural (une paire de pantalons) survived as a regionalism in Belgium and Switzerland and even more in Canada where it seems to be still the norm but has almost disappeared entirely in France although it might survive with elderly people in Southern France, Brittany and other regions.
A Ngram comparison of the percentage of singular vs total occurrences of a sample of words clearly shows pantalon follows almost the same usage pattern than chemise since at least 1880 so is clearly not in the same group than dual words like gants, ciseaux or chaussettes. Of course this is only based on books scanned by Google so might not perfectly reflect the spoken French reality, as Laure's personal experience might suggest.
It is worth noting that this competition between singular and plural exists in Italy where un paio di pantaloni ("a pair of"+plural) is the traditional and widespread name, but un pantalone (singular) is often used in shops.
In France, jean is following the same pattern than pantalon so is always used as a singular (un) although sometimes the final s is kept (un jeans).
There is the same difference with short (French: un short, English: a pair of shorts).
Several similar "dual objects" are named using the plural in French, e.g.: ciseaux, bretelles, lunettes, jumelles…
The dual nature of these words is not questionable because they are made of two parts which have a individual name (un ciseau, une bretelle, une lunette …) while pantalon (from a single person name) or jeans (from a town's name) are not etymologically components to be assembled in pairs.
Almost the opposite happened with "pin" which was adopted in French as un pin's.
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Interesting your comment about the shops in Italy. While most Quebecers use the plural (des pantalons), it seems to me like the style and fashion experts could easily talk about how le pantalon is worn this season, without sounding misplaced or foreigners. Perhaps we would still expect a plural from them when they refer to their own pair, though. Aug 17, 2017 at 23:55
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1If it has "disappeared" entirely in France it must be very recent. It was still used (I was by no means an exception) in the second half of the 20th c. in the south west of France where I used to live. Les Bagarres du Petit Nicolas 2006 : "Oui, papa, j'ai dit. Retrousse tes pantalons, tu seras rigolo comme tous les comiques qu'on voit au cinéma, dis, papa !" And it's clear form the context he's talking about the pair of trousers his dad's wearing.– NoneAug 18, 2017 at 5:39
In French, a single piece of clothe is singular.
For instance a sweater would be un pull over or un sweat. Shorts would be un short, and pants/trousers would be un pantalon.
Un jean being one specific kind of pantalon, would be singular too.
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1@ApplePie It is not the case either in some parts of France. I didn't know the word could be used in the singular until I went to school (south west of France), and then I still used it orally in the plural.– NoneAug 18, 2017 at 5:23
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-1 It should say in the answer that it expresses a personal opinion and not a reality of the language.– NoneAug 19, 2017 at 6:04