It's not a rigorous explanation, but when you can say the thing that in English, you have to say ce que in French. In proper English, it's most often translated by what. For instance:
Ce n'est pas ce que j'ai commandé. → It's not the thing that I ordered. → It's not what I ordered.
Je mange ce que je veux. → I eat the thing that I want. → I eat what I want.
Basically ce is a pronoun, that can represent anything.